Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are small growths of inflamed mucus membrane usually occurring in the top of the nose. Apart from causing blockage in the nose, they decrease the sense of taste and smell and make it harder to breathe.

As the small grape-sized polyps make the nasal cavity narrower, mucus forms behind the polyp and cannot drain properly. This may become infected and leads the sufferer to having to breathe through the mouth. Therefore, we see respiratory complaints such as asthma, hay fever and chronic sinus conditions occurring alongside the polyps. About a quarter of people with cystic fibrosis also have polyps.

Causes

Signs and symptoms

Diagnosis

The following tests are used to diagnose nasal polyps:

• X-rays of sinuses and nasal passages reveal soft tissue shadows over the affected areas.
• Examination with a nasal speculum shows a dry, red surface, with clear or gray growths. Large growths may resemble tumors.

Treatment

Generally, treatment consists of corticosteroids (either by direct injection into the polyps or by local spray) to temporarily reduce the polyp. Treatment of the underlying cause may include antihistamines to control allergy and antibiotic therapy if infection is present. Local application of an astringent shrinks hypertrophied tissue. However, medical management alone is rarely effective.

Consequently, the treatment of choice is polypectomy, which is usually performed under a local anesthetic. The use of surgical lasers is becoming more popular. Continued recurrence may require surgical opening of the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses and evacuation of diseased tissue.

Prevention

In many cases, polyps can't be prevented. But if you have asthma, hay fever or chronic sinus infections, managing your symptoms may reduce the chances that polyps will develop or recur. That means taking medications as your doctor suggests and avoiding - as much as possible - indoor and outdoor allergens and pollutants.